The Dexamethasone Dose for Croup is 0.15mg/kg

Unfortunately, this is still probably not the trial that convinces everyone.  In fact, it’s been over 15 years since the original single-center trials/reports showing that 0.15mg/kg of dexamethasone was every bit as effective as 0.6mg/kg of dexamethasone.  This makes intuitive sense, considering the steroid equivalencies, and the doses used in studies that have established prednisolone as an adequate treatment for croup, as well.

Regardless, this is a very small – 30-odd patients – with mild croup, randomized to dexamethasone at 0.15mg/kg vs. placebo.  The point of this study was not to test the efficacy of dexamethasone, but rather to show that, despite it’s long half-life, it had immediate effects.  And, I think it’s fair to say this study demonstrates those significant effects in reduction in croup score, gaining statistical significance by 30 minutes.

I don’t know where the attachment came from in terms of the 0.6mg/kg dose of dexamethasone, but it’s just preposterously high.

“How fast does oral dexamethasone work in mild to moderately severe croup? A randomized double-blinded clinical trial.”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22313564

Early Steroids Probably Better for Asthma

Not sure if this is the study that proves it – since due to ethical considerations it’s simply observational, and doesn’t control for confounders and introduces a lot of bias – but, it’s a small piece of the puzzle.

This is a cohort in a Montreal pediatric emergency department in which they prospectively collected data on moderate and severe asthma exacerbations as patients progressed through their care pathway.  They see, essentially, a nonsignificant trend in increased odds of hospital admission for patients in whom administration of systemic steroids was delayed.  This is mostly a data mining exercise, so any significant associations should be considered hypothesis generating.  However, considering the patients who received delayed steroids had milder exacerbations overall – yet still seemed to go on to have higher admission rates – it might be tempting to interpret these findings as appropriately confirmatory of physiologic foundations of treatment.

At least, there’s no suggestion of harm from early steroid administration in asthma with exacerbation in children.  Perhaps some prospective interventional data with patient-oriented outcomes will surface in response.

“Early Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids Reduces Hospital Admission Rates for Children With Moderate and Severe Asthma Exacerbation”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22410507

ABCD2 For Cerebrovascular Dizziness

This is a bit of an interesting idea – a repurposing of the ABCD2 prediction instrument for TIAs as a risk-stratification instrument for cerebrovascular causes of “dizziness.”

Every ED physician loves the complaint of “dizziness.”  It’s either giddiness, unsteadiness, lightheadedness, vertigo, and it’s frequently difficult to elicit any pertinent neurologic symptoms to clarify one of the benign causes of vertigo or a cerebrovascular cause.

This is a retrospective chart review in which they evaluated the charts of 907 “dizzy patients”, 37 of which had a cerebrovascular cause – 4.1%.  It’s a small sample size – so the confidence intervals for their odds ratios are very wide – but for multivariable adjusted odds, age > 60 had an increased OR of 5.1, BP >140/90 had an increased OR of 2.9, speech disturbance had an OR of 6.2, and unilateral weakness had an OR of 10.9.  Essentially, it’s interesting to see – and it makes sense – that the same features that generally portend stroke after TIA also might help predict which of your dizzy patients will be higher yield for a more intensive evaluation.

“Application of the ABCD2 Score to Identify Cerebrovascular Causes of Dizziness in the Emergency Department”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442167

You Should Behave on the Internet

This is an interesting little research letter in JAMA regarding the incidence of state medical board review of unprofessional online behavior.  Of the 48 boards responding, 44 indicated that at least one complaint had been reviewed secondary to inappropriate online behavior.

The most commonly reviewed instances were inappropriate patient communication, online misrepresentation of credentials, and “inappropriate practice.”  The most common responses noted by the survey were disciplinary proceedings, sanctions, and informal warnings – and half of medical boards reported license restriction, suspension, or revocation in response to proceedings.

Behave on the internet!

“Physician Violations of Online Professionalism and Disciplinary Actions: A National Survey of State Medical Boards”
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22436951

How Canada Does Chest Pain

Vancouver, Canada, to be specific.  The 37th most expensive city in the world to live in (ahead of New York and Los Angeles), a jewel on the coast of British Columbia, with breathtaking scenery, evergreens, rugged coasts, and mountains.

This is an observational series of their chest pain algorithm, and it falls into the category of “we do this and we like it” types of articles.  So, they do this, and they like it, and I can see why.

And the first thing you notice is that it is nothing like the United States.  Of the 1,116 patients they enrolled for this follow-up, they send home 25% of their potentially cardiac chest pain after an EKG and a single troponin.  These are patients whose mean age is 43 years old, and have TIMI scores of 0 or 1.  No outpatient stress test is arranged.  None of them had ACS within 30 days.

Another 20% had a negative 2-hour troponin and EKG and were sent home without outpatient stress testing, average age 49 years old and TIMI scores mostly 0 and 1.  None of them had ACS within 30 days.

Finally, at six hours, they were left with a group of 60 year old folks, 30% of their cohort, whose TIMI scores were >1.  They sent them all home, 25% of without an outpatient stress test and 75% with – and none of the no-stress cohort had ACS within 30 days.

Essentially, they send home over half their patients, aged 40 to 60 years old, and a couple cardiac risk factors – and they do fine.  We don’t really know what sort of coronary disease the patients discharged without a follow-up stress test had, and it means they probably have some false negatives in their outcomes at 30 days simply because they don’t receive any sort of additional diagnostic testing.  But, none of them had an unprovoked adverse coronary event, which counts for something.

About 20% of their patients referred for outpatient stress failed, and about half of those ultimately received a diagnosis of ACS – so, even then, in the patients they were most concerned about after negative ED testing, only 10% had ACS.  Seems like there’s room to improve here, as well.

It’s not crazy, it’s Canada.

“Safety and Efficiency of a Chest Pain Diagnostic Algorithm With Selective Outpatient Stress Testing for Emergency Department Patients With Potential Ischemic Chest Pain”
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221842

Rivaroxaban and Pulmonary Embolism

This is rivaroxaban, an oral Factor Xa inhibitor, part of the wave of potential warfarin replacements.  This is their phase III EINSTEIN-PE trial, which is a non-inferiority comparison against warfarin for the long-term outpatient management of pulmonary embolism.

Overall, it was slightly less effective at prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism (2.1% vs 1.8%), but slightly safer with regards to bleeding episodes (10.3% vs. 11.4%).  Adherence to therapy was reasonable compared to other trials regarding the amount of time patients spent with therapeutic INR between 2.0 and 3.0.  So, really, it’s pretty much a wash.
But, of course, when you have a new and expensive therapy that’s essentially similar to the old, cheap option, the conclusion is: “Our findings in this study involving patients with pulmonary embolism, along with those of our previous evaluation involving patients with deep-vein thrombosis, support the use of rivaroxaban as a single oral agent for patients with venous thromboembolism.”  
Of course, if you were expecting a different conclusion from an open-label, manufacturer-sponsored study, you are unfortunately mistaken.
So, make sure your hematology group is on board with PCCs, because there doesn’t seem to be any other possible option for reversing life-threatening bleeding – and rivaroxaban is coming, whether it should be or not.
“Oral Rivaroxaban for the Treatment of Symptomatic Pulmonary Embolism”

Whole Blood Works For POC Pregnancy Tests

If there is such thing as a “cult favorite” article amongst Emergency Physicians, right now, this probably qualifies as the one receiving its 15 minutes of fame on Twitter.

If there is any singular agony known to all Emergency Physicians it is the inability to obtain urine samples in a timely manner.  Sometimes, this is for the urinalysis.  Other times, this is for the qualitative pregnancy test result.  If only there were a better way….

And, perhaps, there is.  This is a two year study of sensitivity/specificity of the POC pregnancy test using the Beckman Coulter ICON 25 – comparing the performance of using urine vs. whole blood, with laboratory quantitative bHCG >5 as the gold standard.  95.3% sensitivity for the urine test, 95.8% sensitivity for whole blood, with 100% specificity.  Most of the false negatives were due to beta hCG < 100.

Interesting alternative!

“Substituting whole blood for urine in a bedside pregnancy test”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21875776

One Year of EM Lit of Note!

Happy Birthday to my blog – one year old.  No longer neonatal, but still an infant.

Blogging has been interesting – it is, indeed, time-consuming to read all these articles.  However, I’d be reading them regardless – so the time commitment is mostly the part with the typing.  Luckily, in academics, your clinical time is scaled down specifically to encourage these sorts of activities (although, blogging has so far only been parlayed into an endowed chair by Michele Lin).  And operating a blog is nothing like the amazing podcasts other folks put together – I have no idea how they do it.

At the moment, we’re on a schedule of a post every other day or so – and up to about 11,000 views per month.  In contrast, my article in JAMA from last summer has been downloaded 2,250 times.  Which has more value?  So far, the blog seems to be leading to more opportunities.  The traditional model of knowledge and opinion dissemination in medicine is certainly shifting.

Firefox and Safari are literally tied at 30% of my site traffic, as well as Macintosh vs. Windows at 30%.  Australia is in second place behind the U.S., and counts for about 10% of my traffic.

The top five most frequently viewed articles:
#1. Yet Another Highly Sensitive Troponin – In JAMA
#2. Too Many Traumatic Arrests Are Transported
#3. Cardiology Corner – More Brugada Tidbits
#4. C-Collars Cannot Stabilize Unstable Injuries
#5. Must We Use Paracetamol/Acetaminophen?

Thank for reading!

Don’t Hold It!

The hidden threat to patient safety in the Emergency Department – impaired cognitive performance secondary to suppressing the extreme urge to urinate!

Of course, this is only eight volunteers who consumed an average of 2.2 liters of water – and, by impaired cognitive performance, I mean to say they were slightly slower – but, it’s certainly suitable for an April Fool’s Day blog post.

This study shared the 2011 IgNobel Prize for Medicine.

“The Effect of Acute Increase in Urge to Void on Cognitive Function in Healthy Adults”
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21058363

Glucose-Insulin-Potassium For MI?

“Investigators, led by Dr Harry Selker (Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA), are pleased with the results, believing that after years of futile study, they have finally found some clinical evidence to support the experimental data suggesting that GIK [glucose-insulin-potassium] myocardial metabolic support could protect the heart in the ACS setting.”

…which lead to the press release tweet of “Intravenous GIK Slashes Death Risk in Acute Coronary Syndrome: CHICAGO – Glucose, insulin, and potassium given i…” by @ACEPNews.  That press release can be seen here.

There have been trials enrolling over 20,000 patients to date that have been negative.

Despite all these previous negative trials, the authors believed the problem was timeliness – the critical time in which to provide metabolic support to the infarcting myocardium was in the prehospital setting, upon the earliest recognition of ACS.  The original goal was to enroll 15,450 patients.  They ended up with 880.  Then, after data collection, they changed the primary endpoint from all-cause mortality to progression to myocardial infarction at 30 days and at 1 year.  And they only have the 30 day data right now, they’ll get back to us with the 1 year outcomes.  How this made the cut for publication in JAMA is outside the scope of my speculative powers.

So, they enrolled folks prehospital with signs and symptoms of potential acute coronary syndrome whose prehospital EKG was read as STEMI or met the ACI-TIPI prediction instrument probability threshold of 75%.  They received the GIK solution with 90 minutes, on average.  And, the primary outcome measure was negative for progression to MI, trend favoring GIK with OR 0.88 (CI 0.66-1.13).  Negative for 30 day mortality, OR 0.72 (0.40-1.29).  For STEMI patients, negative for progression to MI, OR 0.74 (0.40-1.38), and negative for 30 day mortality, OR 0.63 (0.27-1.49).
So, yes, there is a trend.  And some subgroups even had significant trends in favor of GIK.  But for JAMA and the rest of the internet to be promoting this as practice-changing at this juncture is absolutely inappropriate.

“Out-of-Hospital Administration of Intravenous Glucose-Insulin-Potassium in Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndromes:  The IMMEDIATE Randomized Controlled Trial”
http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/early/2012/03/21/jama.2012.426.full